What causes liver failure in dogs?

The liver is one of the hardest-working organs in a dog’s body, processing nutrients, filtering out harmful substances, and keeping their system balanced. When it begins to fail, it’s often a sign that something has gone wrong—sometimes gradually, sometimes suddenly. Understanding what triggers this condition can help you spot risks before they turn serious.​

Toxic substances top the list of culprits. Many common household items pose hidden dangers: certain houseplants, like lilies, can cause severe liver damage if nibbled. Leftover food scraps, such as onions or garlic, might seem harmless but contain compounds that attack liver cells over time. Even some human medications, left within a dog’s reach, can overwhelm their liver’s ability to process them. It’s why securing cabinets and being mindful of what falls on the floor matters—prevention here is far easier than treatment.​

Infections can also take a toll. Viral or bacterial illnesses, like leptospirosis, can target the liver directly, inflaming its tissues and impairing function. These often start with vague symptoms—lethargy, loss of appetite—but can progress quickly if not treated. Regular check-ups and staying current on vaccinations, as recommended by local guidelines, help lower these risks, as some infections spread through water or contact with other animals in parks or neighborhoods.​

Genetics play a role too. Certain breeds are more prone to liver conditions that can lead to failure later in life. These inherited issues might not show up until a dog is middle-aged, making routine vet visits crucial. Catching early signs—like yellowing of the gums or unusual tiredness—can slow progression and protect liver function.​

Medications, even those prescribed, sometimes contribute. Overdosing on flea treatments or giving human drugs without veterinary approval can strain the liver. Always follow dosage instructions exactly, and ask your vet before mixing treatments. Age is another factor; as dogs get older, their liver’s ability to regenerate weakens, making them more susceptible to damage from any of these causes.​

Watching for changes in behavior or habits is key. A dog that stops eating, drinks excessively, or vomits frequently might be showing liver trouble. The sooner you act, the better their chances of recovery. After all, your dog’s liver works nonstop for them—keeping it healthy is one of the best ways to return the favor.