How do I know what stage of liver disease my dog has?

Figuring out where your dog stands with liver disease starts with noticing small changes—things that might slip by if you’re not paying close attention. Maybe they’re turning up their nose at their favorite kibble, or their energy levels have dropped, leaving them napping more than usual. These little shifts are often the first clues that something’s off.

Vets rely on a mix of tests to map out the stages, but it’s not as simple as checking a box. Early on, you might spot subtle signs: a slight yellow tinge in their gums or whites of the eyes, called jaundice, or maybe they’re drinking way more water than normal. These can hint at inflammation or early scarring, when the liver is still trying to bounce back.

As things progress, symptoms get harder to miss. Your dog might start vomiting after meals or struggle with diarrhea that just won’t clear up. Some pups develop a pot-bellied look, thanks to fluid building up in their abdomen—a sign the liver’s struggling to filter waste properly. At this point, blood work often shows higher levels of enzymes, telling your vet the damage is worsening.

In later stages, the liver’s ability to function plummets. You might notice confusion, seizures, or even a sweet, musty smell on their breath—all red flags that toxins are building up in their system. Weight loss becomes rapid, and muscle wasting sets in, making them look gaunt despite any efforts to feed them. These are serious signs that demand immediate care.

Diagnosis usually involves a combo of blood tests, ultrasounds, and sometimes biopsies. In countries like the UK, vets often follow guidelines from the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, which outline clear steps for staging liver disease based on these results. It’s not something you can guess at home—your vet’s expertise is key here.

Keep in mind, some breeds are more prone, like Cocker Spaniels or Dobermans, so knowing your dog’s background helps. Also, certain medications or even some houseplants (like lilies, which are toxic to cats but can harm dogs too) can worsen liver issues, so being mindful of what’s in your home matters.

The good news? Catching it early makes a big difference. With the right treatment—diet changes, meds, or in severe cases, supportive care—many dogs live full, happy lives. The key is staying alert to those small shifts, getting regular check-ups, and working closely with your vet to track their progress. After all, no one knows your pup like you do, and your observations could be the first step toward getting them the help they need.